Tree census: How is India counting its trees?

India’s Forest Research Institute is organizing a count of all trees across Delhi, India’s capital territory containing the city of New Delhi, amid a controversy about illegal tree felling. The decision to launch the census was recently confirmed by India’s Supreme Court, with the judges instructing the institute to work towards increasing the city’s green cover.

The project has been given a timeline of around four years and an estimated budget of around 44.3 million Indian rupees (over $516,600 or €455,800).

In that time, the tree census takers are expected to do more than just count the trees in the territory. Experts and volunteers should also sort the trees into species, record their height, girth, health status and exact location. Most importantly for climate scientists, they are to record the so-called carbon mass of the tree — the carbon absorbed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis.

‘One tree per person’

India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, and trees have an essential part to play in controlling carbon emissions in the world’s most populous country. But there are other reasons to fight deforestation — a 2019 study by the Indian space agency ISRO reported that some 30% of India’s territory is at risk of desertification, and having more trees, especially in the cities, can curb the effects of pollution and heat-related deaths.

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Plant scientist Dr. Smitha Hegde believes that “at least one tree per person” is needed to achieve net zero on carbon emissions. Hegde made the claim during an interview with content creator Q Head on YouTube, where she also discussed her 2023 tree census in the port city of Mangalore. She and her team of 40 volunteers only found some 19,000 trees in public spaces of Mangalore, which has a population of around 600,000.

Notably, it took one full year to complete the census in a city many times smaller than New Delhi.

AI technology and drones to fill in for humans

Most measuring and counting are still done manually in India, with the data sorted into Excel sheets. At the same time, the census takers have started incorporating modern technologies such as remote sensing, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), drones, and GIS (Geographic Information Systems), improving both the accuracy of data and the speed of the process.

In the online interview, Hegde acknowledged that modern technology can make surveying trees much easier and faster. However, a fully automated system for this process has not yet been developed.

Talking to DW, AI scientist Arpit Yadav said improving technological infrastructure would require a “really huge investment.”

“AI technology uses methods of computer vision and object detection. When drones fly over forests or any area, they use object detection to identify trees and count them. This data is then sent to a server, which makes the counting process faster and more accurate,” he said.

“The better technological infrastructure we build, the less there will be a need for field visits,” Yadav added, but noted that “if we do not have enough drones and advanced technology to minimize the errors, human involvement will remain high.”

Satellites cannot detect grazing

In addition to traditional and AI-based methods, many countries also use satellite technologies to count trees. In this process, satellites take photos and send out radio waves or microwave signals, which bounce off the Earth’s surface and provide various types of data.

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The world’s most important forests need protection

At the COP26 summit, 100 countries pledged to end and reverse deforestation by 2030. How protected are the world’s most important forests?

Image: Zoonar/picture alliance

Amazon Rainforest

The Amazon rainforest is an important carbon sink and one of world’s the most biodiverse places. But decades of extensive logging and cattle farming have eradicated about 2 million square kilometers (772.2 million square miles) of it, while less than half of what remains is under protection. A recent study showed that some parts of the Amazon now emit more carbon dioxide than they absorb.

Image: Florence Goisnard/AFP/Getty Images

Taiga

This subarctic northern forest, mainly composed of conifers, stretches across Scandinavia and large parts of Russia. Conservation of the taiga varies from country to country. In Eastern Siberia, for example, strict Soviet era protections left the landscape largely intact but Russia’s ensuing economic downturn has prompted increasingly destructive levels of logging.

Image: Sergi Reboredo/picture alliance

Canada’s Boreal Forests

North America’s subarctic taiga are known as boreal forests and stretch from Alaska to Quebec — covering a third of Canada. About 94% of Canada’s boreal forests are on public land and controlled by the government but only about 8% is protected. Canada, one of the world’s main exporters of paper products, logs about 4,000 square kilometers (1,500 square miles) of this forest every year.

Image: Jon Reaves/robertharding/picture alliance

Congo Basin Rainforest

The Congo River nurtures one of the world’s oldest and densest rainforests — home to some of Africa’s most iconic animals, including gorillas, elephants, and chimpanzees. But the region is also rich in oil, gold, diamonds and other valuable minerals. Mining and hunting have fueled its rapid deforestation, which scientists say will entirely wipe it out by 2100 at current rates.

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Image: Rebecca Blackwell/AP Photo/picture alliance

Borneo Tropical Forests

A 140-million-year-old ecoregion that expands across Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia and gives shelter to hundreds of endangered species such as red orangutan and Sumatran rhino, large swaths of rainforest here are being degraded for timber, palm oil, pulp, rubber and minerals. Such activities have also boosted illegal wildlife trade as cleared forests have enabled hunters to access remote areas.

Image: J. Eaton/AGAMI/blickwinkel/picture alliance

Primorye Forest

Located in Russia’s far east, the coniferous forest hosts the Siberian tiger and dozens of other endangered species. With its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the forest sees tropical conditions in summer and arctic weather in winter. The Primorye Forest’s remoteness, along with preservation efforts, have left it largely intact but expanding commercial logging has become a growing threat.

Image: Zaruba Ondrej/dpa/CTK/picture alliance

Valdivian Temperate Rainforests

This forest region covers a narrow strip of land between the western slope of the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. Trees like the slow-growth, long-lived Nothofagus and Fitzroya grow in parts of the Valdivian. Extensive logging threatens these endemic trees, which are being replaced with fast-growing pines and eucalyptus that cannot sustain the region’s biodiversity.

Image: Kevin Schafer/NHPA/photoshot/picture alliance

But even space-age technology has its limits. 

“Satellites cannot tell whether grazing is happening in an area or not. For that, field visits are necessary,” Purabi Saikia, a professor at Banaras Hindu University and a forest ecologist who has worked on forest mapping and assessment in several Indian states, told DW.

Local communities as allies in fight to protect trees

Tree censuses make it easier to track invasive species and protect the trees from illegal logging. In this battle, conservationists can call on allies from local communities, especially those whose lifestyles depend on trees. Some people in India still consider certain trees to be sacred, while others simply recognize their medicinal value.

“Those who are more dependent on forests tend to use them more responsibly, while those who are less dependent often cause more harm,” Saikia told DW.